碩士課程
Master of Philosophy Course
材料建模
Modelling of Materials

本頁翻譯進度

修這門課程的碩士研究生需要提交一篇論文以評定成績。論文長度不超過15,000字，此數位包括表格、附表說明以及附錄，但是不包含參考書目。論文研究專案須經過物理和化學學院學位委員會核准或由其指定。

論文的準備

能夠就你的工作寫出清晰、簡明且內容豐富的報告是一項非常重要的技能。一份好的報告，需要恰如其分地突出其要點和結論，足夠詳細和清晰以讓讀者理解大量資訊，同時還具有可讀性與趣味性。應當把論文合理地安排為幾個部分，每一部份都有各自組織嚴密的結構。應當避免模棱兩可、重複以及含糊不清，當然也務須去除冗長且不得要領的論述。在自然科學期刊裏找幾篇已發表的論文，看看哪些表達得好，是什麼因素導致了這些是好文章而另外一些卻差勁。

和你的導師討論一下你的報告格式，雖然精確的結構得由你決定，而且不同的專案或許最好用不同的方式來陳述。然而，下面所列出的內容是你應當包含在內的：

摘要

用幾句話簡要說明該專案的特徵，你打算做的內容，你已經取得的成果，在必要的地方給出概括的數字結果。

術語表

一個關於符號、縮寫等的列表會很有用。確定你所用的單位統一、清楚，並且遵循國際單位制(SI)。

引言

描述你已做的工作的科學原理。你的專案與同領域中其他工作有何聯繫？對研究背景作出綜述，但也不要忽略細節；提及其他人的工作是必要的。

實驗細節

給出足夠多的資訊，以便他人重複你的實驗可以得出相同的結果。對於標準的實驗方法沒有必要過多講解，但是對於每一件實驗材料的來源和性質應當給出清晰的陳述。

願意的話你可以把原始資料放在文章裏。概括結果並且／或者在報告主體中以圖表的格式呈現出來以闡明變化趨勢，但是要避免重複。要注意你的資料中的錯誤。

討論

通常情況下應當用理論預期來檢驗實驗結果。在評論時盡可能作到具客觀性和建設性。如果存在偏差，準備好以批判的眼光對理論和實驗兩個方面都進行檢驗。查詢原始資料，嘗試把你的觀察結果和先前的研究聯繫起來。如果你的觀測和先前的不一致，不要氣餒；設法說明為什麼會出現這種情況，以及為什麼以前的工作未必是正確的。

結論

結論務必簡明又精准。你的所有陳述必須以你所獲得的實驗結果為依據。不要在報告中寫那些你認為你本應當看到的東西，同樣地，不要畏懼給出與當前科學界普遍意見相左的結論（雖然在這種情況下你必須確認你已經對資料進行了精密和實事求是的檢驗）。記住，對一種負面結果的報告可能是有意義和有用的。

參考文獻

應當有一個所有參考文獻的列表，按照它們在正文中出現的先後次序排列。在正文中可以便利地以下述方式標注參考文獻：

方括號 [1]，或
上標¹，或
著者姓名加上帶小括弧的年代，如史密斯 (1999)，或史密斯&鐘斯 (1999)或史密斯以及其他人(1999)，如果著者人數多於兩個的話。
在參考文獻列表中，你需要給出著者（或著者們）的姓名，書名或刊物名，卷數（加粗體或下劃線），頁碼，出版年，以及，如果是書的話，出版者的名字及所在地，如果是論文的話，論文題目。查看其他論文的參考文獻列表，看哪一個最清晰。

注意

導師只會把草稿讀一遍。
一份認真完善的初稿會使進展迅速。在向導師提交之前，你應當找人先校一下你的稿子。如果有太多常見錯誤的話，導師很難專心於科學方面的檢驗。
提交的草稿應當兩倍行距排列，這樣可以方便添加評論。
文章的風格和陳述方式雖然重要，但真正關鍵的還是內容。不要花不成比例的時間用於文字處理和圖片製作。
所有的電腦程式在進行新的副程式處理時都應當以MAP格式呈現。

常見錯誤

沒有理由犯拼寫錯誤——用拼寫檢查。
符號不統一。不同的論文可能會用不同的專業名詞，但是當它們被在同一篇論文中討論時，它們必須用一個通用的術語。使用一個術語總列表可以避免這樣的困難。
在句點和逗點之後應當有一個空格。
前括弧之後和後括弧之前都沒有空格。
設法在文獻列表中包括所有的題目。
沒有給出所有參考文獻。
在TeX中左引號和右引號是不一樣的。
在數位和單位之間有一個窄空格（如：45 MPa）。單位用羅馬字體。嚴格遵守國際單位規定。例如，在寫MN mm的時候，MN和mm之間有一個空格。使用指數形式：MN mm^-1而不是MN/mm。
不正確或不明確的濃度單位：例如，Fe-10Ni %就不夠好，用Fe-10Ni wt%
實驗報告要用過去時態。例如：

Length changes are analysed 錯誤
Length changes were analysed 正確
首次提到縮寫必須加以闡明 (HAZ, TTT ?!).
Fig. 4.2 而非 Fig.4.2; Table 5.1 而非 Table.5.1
「Fig. 4.2」一類的術語應當寫在同一行。
"Compared with" 而非 "Compared to".
Datum 的複數是 Data. These data are excellent....(這些資料很出色……)
PROGRAMME of work 相對於 computer PROGRAM
除非是在句子開頭，化學元素首字母不用大寫。
所有的等式、表格和圖形都必須被編號。
圖形不能太大，必須放在正文中而不能放在每篇的末尾。當圖形大小占到一張紙的1/3長度時，比例尺和附圖說明至少要用15號的字（用Geneva字體）。
把體積分數寫成20%是錯誤的。20%是一個體積百分比。
圖表和表格應當放在正文中而非某篇的最後。
無論是在正文還是在等式中，數學符號要用斜體。即使是在等式中，像log，exp，sin這樣的術語也要用羅馬字體。
在陳述電腦程式的結果時，重要的一點是明確給出產生結果的全部輸入專案。例如，在陳述一個計算出來的相點陣圖時，如果沒有詳細說明在分析中所有的相位和組成因素的話就很危險。

圖形和圖表

圖形上的符號必須和正文中所用的一致。圖形中包括的資訊必須都是正文中討論過的。圖表中用的單位必須是國際單位。沒有使用國際單位的舊圖表必須重新繪製。在文獻中獲取的任何圖表都必須予以說明，即使進行了重新繪製，尤其是在圖表中的知識性內容沒有經過明顯修正的情況下。

圖表中的縱列不應該用直線隔開。建議省去這樣的線是為清晰起見。

提示

恰當使用參考文獻：
- 在正文中引用文獻時使用哈佛注釋體系，如同《材料科學進展》1985年29卷第321頁至386頁論文中所用的格式。
- 把參考文獻放在一句的末尾，以免破壞連續性。
- 在文獻列表中包含文章題目。
- 不要簡寫期刊題目，除非用國際標準系統的簡稱（可在科學期刊圖書館找到）。
- 在參考文獻列表中，寫出頁碼範圍（如：321-386）。
確定你做的所有工作都包含在論文之內；負面的結果也是有用的。
隨著工作的展開而同時寫作，不要到最後一分鐘才開始寫論文。
微米刻度應當放在顯微圖上，而不是放在頁面上顯微圖的附近。
避免使用行話。你的工作應該讓系裏的其他人能夠理解。這一類的例子有："recrystallisation region", "TMCP", "HAZ"。

M.Phil. students on this course are required to submit for examination, a thesis, not exceeding 15,000 words in length, including tables, figure legends, and appendices, but excluding bibliography, on a research project approved or prescribed by the Degree Committee for the Faculty of Physics and Chemistry.

Preparation of Thesis

The ability to write a clear, concise and informative report on your work is a very important skill. A good report highlights the essential points and conclusions and is sufficiently detailed and clear to get across a lot of information, whilst being readable and interesting. It should be logically arranged into sections, each section having its own well organised substructure. Avoid ambiguity, repetition or vagueness, as well as lengthy discursive discussion. Look at a few publications in scientific journals and decide which are well presented, what makes them good, and what makes others bad.

Discuss the format for your report with your supervisor, although the exact structure is up to you, and different projects may be best presented in different ways. However, aim to incorporate the following:

Abstract

Give a summary of the salient features of the project, what you set out to do, and what you achieved, in a few sentences, including summarised quantitative results where appropriate.

Nomenclature

A list of symbols, abbreviations etc. is very useful. Make sure that the units you use are consistent and clear, and that you comply with the SI system.

Introduction

Describe the scientific basis underlying the work you have done. How does your project relate to other work in the field? Summarise the background, but do not overdo the detail; it is essential to refer to the work of others.

Experimental Details

Give sufficient information to allow someone else to duplicate your results. You do not need to dwell on standard experimental techniques, but the source and nature of any materials used should be stated clearly, and any specific experimental or theoretical details should be noted.

You may wish to make raw data available. Summarise the results and/or present them graphically in the body of the report to illustrate trends, but repetition should be avoided. Pay attention to errors in your data.

Discussion

It is normally appropriate to examine the results in the light of theoretical expectations. Be as objective and constructive as possible in your comments. If there are discrepancies, be prepared to examine both theory and experiments in a critical light. Attempt to relate your observations to those of previous researchers, consulting original sources. Do not be dismayed if your observations are different; try to explain why this may be the case and why the previous work may not necessarily be correct.

Conclusions

Make these concise and specific. Your statements must be justified by the results that you have obtained. Do not report what you think you should have seen and, equally, do not be afraid to present conclusions at variance with current scientific consensus (although in such cases you must ensure that you have examined your data critically and realistically). Remember that reporting a negative result may be significant and useful.

References

There should be a list of references, in order of appearance in the text, within which they may be conveniently indicated by:

square brackets [1], or
superscripts¹, or
authors' names and year in brackets, e.g. Smith (1999), or Smith & Jones (1999), or Smith et al. (1999) where there are more than two authors.
In the reference list you need to give the author’s (or authors’) name(s), the book or journal title, volume number (bold or underlined), page numbers, year of publication and, for books, the publisher’s name and location, for papers, the paper title. Look at reference lists in other papers to see which look clearest.

Notes

The supervisor will read only one draft.
A careful and COMPLETE first draft will lead to rapid progress. You should get someone to proof read your work before submission to the supervisor. It is difficult for the supervisor to concentrate on the science if there are too many ordinary mistakes.
Drafts should be submitted in double line spacing so that comments can be written with ease.
Style and presentation are important but the contents really matter. Do not waste a disproportionate amount of time on word processing and graphics.
All computer programs should be presented in the MAP format for new subroutines.

Common Mistakes

There is no excuse for spelling mistakes - use SPELLCHECK.
Inconsistency of notation. Different papers may use differring terminology but when these are discussed in the thesis they must share a common terminology. Difficulties can be avoided by using a master nomenclature list.
There should be a gap after a full stop or a comma.
There are no spaces after an opening bracket or before a closing bracket
Try and include titles in the reference list.
Inadequate referencing.
Left quotation marks are not the same as right quotation in TeX.
There is a thin-space between numerals and units (e.g. 45 MPa). The units themselves are in roman font. Use strict SI convention. For example, there is a gap between MN and mm when writing MN mm. Use exponents: MN mm^-1 rather than MN/mm
Incorrect or unspecified units of concentration: Fe-10Ni % is not good enough. e.g., use Fe-10Ni wt%.
Experiments are reported in the past tense. For example:

Length changes are analysed WRONG
Length changes were analysed CORRECT
Abbreviations must be explained when first introduced (HAZ, TTT ?!).
Fig. 4.2 not Fig.4.2; Table 5.1 not Table.5.1
Terms like "Fig. 4.2" should be on the same line
"Compared with" rather than "Compared to".
Plural of Datum is Data. These data are excellent....
PROGRAMME of work as opposed to computer PROGRAM
The names of chemical elements do not begin with capitals unless at the beginning of a sentence.
All equations, tables, figures must be numbered.
Figures must not be excessively large, and should be included in the text rather than at the end of chapters. The font on scales and legends should be at least size 15 (Geneva) when the figure size is 1/3 of the page length.
It is wrong to write a volume fraction as 20%. The latter is a volume percent.
Diagrams and tables should be included in the text rather than at the end of a chapter.
Mathematical notation is in italics whether it occurs in the text or in equations. Note that terms such as log, exp, sin are nevertheless in roman font even when in equations.
When presenting the results of computer programs, it is important to specify completely the list of inputs used to generate the outputs. For example, it is dangerous to present a calculated phase diagram without specifying all the phases and components accounted for in the analysis.

Figures and Tables

The notation on figures must correspond to that used in the text. There must not be information on figures which is not discussed in the text. Units on diagrams must be SI. Old diagrams with non-SI units must be redrawn. Any diagrams obtained from the literature must be acknowledged even though they may have been redrawn, especially if the intellectual content of the diagram is not significantly modified.

Columns in tables should not be separated by vertical lines. The recommended practice is to omit such lines for clarity.

Hints

Appropriate use of references:
- Use the Havard system to refer to articles in the text, as used in Progress in Materials Science article, 1985, vol. 29, pp. 321-386.
- Try and put the reference at the end of the sentence in order to avoid breaking continuity.
- Include article titles in your reference list.
- Do not abbreviate Journal titles, unless using the international standard set of abbreviations (found in the Scientific Periodicals Library).
- In the reference list, quote the page range (e.g., 321-386).
Ensure that all the work you have done is included in your thesis; negative results are also useful.
Do your writing as you progress, rather than leaving it to the last minute.
Micron markers should be placed on the micrographs, rather than on the page in the vicinity of the micrograph.
Avoid the use of jargon. Your work should be comprehensible to others in the Department. Examples of jargon: "recrystallisation region", "TMCP", "HAZ".

Length changes are analysed	錯誤
Length changes were analysed	正確

Length changes are analysed	WRONG
Length changes were analysed	CORRECT