硕士课程 Master of Philosophy Course 材料建模 Modelling of Materials

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论文的准备

能够就你的工作写出清晰、简明且内容丰富的报告是一项非常重要的技能。一份好的报告，需要恰如其分地突出其要点和结论，足够详细和清晰以让读者理解大量资讯，同时还具有可读性与趣味性。应当把论文合理地安排为几个部分，每一部份都有各自组织严密的结构。应当避免模棱两可、重复以及含糊不清，当然也务须去除冗长且不得要领的论述。在自然科学期刊里找几篇已发表的论文，看看哪些表达得好，是什么因素导致了这些是好文章而另外一些却差劲。

和你的导师讨论一下你的报告格式，虽然精确的结构得由你决定，而且不同的专案或许最好用不同的方式来陈述。然而，下面所列出的内容是你应当包含在内的：

摘要

术语表

引言

实验细节

愿意的话你可以把原始资料放在文章里。概括结果并且／或者在报告主体中以图表的格式呈现出来以阐明变化趋势，但是要避免重复。要注意你的资料中的错误。

讨论

结论

参考文献

• 方括号 [1]，或
• 上标¹，或
• 著者姓名加上带小括弧的年代，如史密斯 (1999)，或史密斯&钟斯 (1999)或史密斯以及其他人(1999)，如果著者人数多于两个的话。
• 在参考文献列表中，你需要给出著者（或著者们）的姓名，书名或刊物名，卷数（加粗体或下划线），页码，出版年，以及，如果是书的话，出版者的名字及所在地，如果是论文的话，论文题目。查看其他论文的参考文献列表，看哪一个最清晰。

注意

• 导师只会把草稿读一遍。

• 一份认真完善的初稿会使进展迅速。在向导师提交之前，你应当找人先校一下你的稿子。如果有太多常见错误的话，导师很难专心于科学方面的检验。

• 提交的草稿应当两倍行距排列，这样可以方便添加评论。

• 文章的风格和陈述方式虽然重要，但真正关键的还是内容。不要花不成比例的时间用于文字处理和图片制作。

• 所有的计算机程式在进行新的副程式处理时都应当以MAP格式呈现。

常见错误

1. 没有理由犯拼写错误——用拼写检查。
2. 符号不统一。不同的论文可能会用不同的专业名词，但是当它们被在同一篇论文中讨论时，它们必须用一个通用的术语。使用一个术语总列表可以避免这样的困难。
3. 在句点和逗点之后应当有一个空格。
4. 前括弧之后和后括弧之前都没有空格。
5. 设法在文献列表中包括所有的题目。
6. 没有给出所有参考文献。
7. 在TeX中左引号和右引号是不一样的。
8. 在数位和单位之间有一个窄空格（如：45 MPa）。单位用罗马字体。严格遵守国际单位规定。例如，在写MN mm的时候，MN和mm之间有一个空格。使用指数形式：MN mm^-1而不是MN/mm。
9. 不正确或不明确的浓度单位：例如，Fe-10Ni %就不够好，用Fe-10Ni wt%
10. 实验报告要用过去时态。例如：

    Length changes are analysed	错误
    Length changes were analysed	正确

11. 首次提到缩写必须加以阐明 (HAZ, TTT ?!).
12. Fig. 4.2 而非 Fig.4.2; Table 5.1 而非 Table.5.1
13. “Fig. 4.2”一类的术语应当写在同一行。
14. "Compared with" 而非 "Compared to".
15. Datum 的复数是 Data. These data are excellent....(这些资料很出色……)
16. PROGRAMME of work 相对于 computer PROGRAM
17. 除非是在句子开头，化学元素首字母不用大写。
18. 所有的等式、表格和图形都必须被编号。
19. 图形不能太大，必须放在正文中而不能放在每篇的末尾。当图形大小占到一张纸的1/3长度时，比例尺和附图说明至少要用15号的字（用Geneva字体）。
20. 把体积分数写成20%是错误的。20%是一个体积百分比。
21. 图表和表格应当放在正文中而非某篇的最后。
22. 无论是在正文还是在等式中，数学符号要用斜体。即使是在等式中，像log，exp，sin这样的术语也要用罗马字体。
23. 在陈述计算机程式的结果时，重要的一点是明确给出产生结果的全部输入专案。例如，在陈述一个计算出来的相点阵图时，如果没有详细说明在分析中所有的相位和组成因素的话就很危险。

图形和图表

图形上的符号必须和正文中所用的一致。图形中包括的资讯必须都是正文中讨论过的。图表中用的单位必须是国际单位。没有使用国际单位的旧图表必须重新绘制。在文献中获取的任何图表都必须予以说明，即使进行了重新绘制，尤其是在图表中的知识性内容没有经过明显修正的情况下。

图表中的纵列不应该用直线隔开。建议省去这样的线是为清晰起见。

提示

1. 恰当使用参考文献：
   • 在正文中引用文献时使用哈佛注释体系，如同《材料科学进展》1985年29卷第321页至386页论文中所用的格式。
   • 把参考文献放在一句的末尾，以免破坏连续性。
   • 在文献列表中包含文章题目。
   • 不要简写期刊题目，除非用国际标准系统的简称（可在科学期刊图书馆找到）。
   • 在参考文献列表中，写出页码范围（如：321-386）。
2. 确定你做的所有工作都包含在论文之内；负面的结果也是有用的。
3. 随着工作的展开而同时写作，不要到最后一分钟才开始写论文。
4. 微米刻度应当放在显微图上，而不是放在页面上显微图的附近。
5. 避免使用行话。你的工作应该让系里的其他人能够理解。这一类的例子有："recrystallisation region", "TMCP", "HAZ"。

Preparation of Thesis

The ability to write a clear, concise and informative report on your work is a very important skill. A good report highlights the essential points and conclusions and is sufficiently detailed and clear to get across a lot of information, whilst being readable and interesting. It should be logically arranged into sections, each section having its own well organised substructure. Avoid ambiguity, repetition or vagueness, as well as lengthy discursive discussion. Look at a few publications in scientific journals and decide which are well presented, what makes them good, and what makes others bad.

Discuss the format for your report with your supervisor, although the exact structure is up to you, and different projects may be best presented in different ways. However, aim to incorporate the following:

Abstract

Nomenclature

Introduction

Experimental Details

You may wish to make raw data available. Summarise the results and/or present them graphically in the body of the report to illustrate trends, but repetition should be avoided. Pay attention to errors in your data.

Discussion

Conclusions

References

• square brackets [1], or
• superscripts¹, or
• authors' names and year in brackets, e.g. Smith (1999), or Smith & Jones (1999), or Smith et al. (1999) where there are more than two authors.
• In the reference list you need to give the author’s (or authors’) name(s), the book or journal title, volume number (bold or underlined), page numbers, year of publication and, for books, the publisher’s name and location, for papers, the paper title. Look at reference lists in other papers to see which look clearest.

Notes

• The supervisor will read only one draft.

• A careful and COMPLETE first draft will lead to rapid progress. You should get someone to proof read your work before submission to the supervisor. It is difficult for the supervisor to concentrate on the science if there are too many ordinary mistakes.

• Drafts should be submitted in double line spacing so that comments can be written with ease.

• Style and presentation are important but the contents really matter. Do not waste a disproportionate amount of time on word processing and graphics.

• All computer programs should be presented in the MAP format for new subroutines.

Common Mistakes

1. There is no excuse for spelling mistakes - use SPELLCHECK.
2. Inconsistency of notation. Different papers may use differring terminology but when these are discussed in the thesis they must share a common terminology. Difficulties can be avoided by using a master nomenclature list.
3. There should be a gap after a full stop or a comma.
4. There are no spaces after an opening bracket or before a closing bracket
5. Try and include titles in the reference list.
6. Inadequate referencing.
7. Left quotation marks are not the same as right quotation in TeX.
8. There is a thin-space between numerals and units (e.g. 45 MPa). The units themselves are in roman font. Use strict SI convention. For example, there is a gap between MN and mm when writing MN mm. Use exponents: MN mm^-1 rather than MN/mm
9. Incorrect or unspecified units of concentration: Fe-10Ni % is not good enough. e.g., use Fe-10Ni wt%.
10. Experiments are reported in the past tense. For example:

    Length changes are analysed	WRONG
    Length changes were analysed	CORRECT

11. Abbreviations must be explained when first introduced (HAZ, TTT ?!).
12. Fig. 4.2 not Fig.4.2; Table 5.1 not Table.5.1
13. Terms like "Fig. 4.2" should be on the same line
14. "Compared with" rather than "Compared to".
15. Plural of Datum is Data. These data are excellent....
16. PROGRAMME of work as opposed to computer PROGRAM
17. The names of chemical elements do not begin with capitals unless at the beginning of a sentence.
18. All equations, tables, figures must be numbered.
19. Figures must not be excessively large, and should be included in the text rather than at the end of chapters. The font on scales and legends should be at least size 15 (Geneva) when the figure size is 1/3 of the page length.
20. It is wrong to write a volume fraction as 20%. The latter is a volume percent.
21. Diagrams and tables should be included in the text rather than at the end of a chapter.
22. Mathematical notation is in italics whether it occurs in the text or in equations. Note that terms such as log, exp, sin are nevertheless in roman font even when in equations.
23. When presenting the results of computer programs, it is important to specify completely the list of inputs used to generate the outputs. For example, it is dangerous to present a calculated phase diagram without specifying all the phases and components accounted for in the analysis.

Figures and Tables

The notation on figures must correspond to that used in the text. There must not be information on figures which is not discussed in the text. Units on diagrams must be SI. Old diagrams with non-SI units must be redrawn. Any diagrams obtained from the literature must be acknowledged even though they may have been redrawn, especially if the intellectual content of the diagram is not significantly modified.

Columns in tables should not be separated by vertical lines. The recommended practice is to omit such lines for clarity.

Hints

1. Appropriate use of references:
   • Use the Havard system to refer to articles in the text, as used in Progress in Materials Science article, 1985, vol. 29, pp. 321-386.
   • Try and put the reference at the end of the sentence in order to avoid breaking continuity.
   • Include article titles in your reference list.
   • Do not abbreviate Journal titles, unless using the international standard set of abbreviations (found in the Scientific Periodicals Library).
   • In the reference list, quote the page range (e.g., 321-386).
2. Ensure that all the work you have done is included in your thesis; negative results are also useful.
3. Do your writing as you progress, rather than leaving it to the last minute.
4. Micron markers should be placed on the micrographs, rather than on the page in the vicinity of the micrograph.
5. Avoid the use of jargon. Your work should be comprehensible to others in the Department. Examples of jargon: "recrystallisation region", "TMCP", "HAZ".